内 容 提 要 名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词。在句子中可数名词要么前边加冠词,要么用其复数形式。名词的复数通常加s,但以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词加es;以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词把“y”变成“i”,再加es 医学教 育网收集整理 。不规则名词的复数有其特殊形式。物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。名词有主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)和属格(表示所属关系)。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词,它们有其基本用法和特殊用法。数词分为基数词、序数词和分数词,数词与名词在实际运用中要呼应。 医学教育网第一节 名 词 的 数 一、可数名词1. 可数名词有单复数之分。在句中,名词的单数形式前边要有冠词或表示单数的限定词,否则就要用其复数形式。名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾s、es,或将y改为i再加es1) Thomas Jefferson skillfully [A] organized his [B] supporter [C] in Congress into a strong [D] political group.医学教育网2) Fireworks(鞭炮), which [A] originated [B] century ago [C] in China, were brought [D] to Europe by Marco Polo. 3) Encyclopedias may be used to answer question [A] , to solve [B] problems, or to obtain [C] information [D] on a particular topic. 但如果名词前边有表示单数的冠词或表示单数的限定词,就不能用其复数形式4) The aurora(天文学的“极光”) is a common features [A] of the planet Earth and appears [B] along [C] two oval(椭圆形) belts called [D] the auroral ovals. 医学教 育网收集整理 2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的,child→children, man→men, woman→women, foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese, mouse→mice, ox→oxen5) Sarah and Angelina Grimke were among [A] the first womans [B] to lecture [C] in public [D] in the United States. 6) In [A] the United States, inches and feets [B] are still [C] used as [D] units of measurement. 3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊,需特别注意analysis→analyses, bacterium→bacteria, basis→bases, crisis→crises, criterion→criteria, datum→data, formula→formulae(或formulas), fungus→fungi, phenomenon→phenomena,syllabus→syllabi, thesis→theses4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的:aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式7) Synthetic(人造的) [A] rubbers and many kind [B] of plastics are manufactured [C] in soap solution(溶液) [D] . 8) Female bears usually [A] give birth to [B] two or three cub(幼仔) [C] every [D] two years. 9) The first person believed to have used [A] a series of photograph [B] to produce [C] an illusion of [D] movement was Coleman Sellers. 6. 在形容词最高级中,表示范围的of后要用名词复数形式10) The short story [A] may be [B] the most [C] flexible of all form [D] of fiction. 11) Rudolph Nureyev has become [A] one of the greatest [B] dancer [C] that the ballet world has ever known [D] . 7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people(人民,人们),police(警察),cattle(牲畜),staff(全体人员,全体职员),但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语,其谓语须用复数形式(见“第十二章,第二节,二”的“2.”)8. hair和fruit一般情况下用单数,表示总体12) He had been cutting human [A] hairs [B] for two years before [C] he came [D] to New York. 但如果我们要表示若干根头发或几种水果时,就要用这两个词的复数形式He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (“fruits”在此处意为“多种水果”)另外还要注意:police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式。9. 名词做定语时,不能用作复数13) Not until the tenth serious accident [A] occurred at [B] the busy intersectiondid the Highways Department [C] agree to install [D] the fourway stop sign. 14) The Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. supplies [A] official times [B] signals for regulating [C] clocks throughout [D] the United States. 二、不可数名词1. 不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词,如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(损害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(邮件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等15) Langston Hughes always seemed to know exactly who [A] he was, and those knowledges [B] helped make him [C] one of the most respected [D] writers in the United States. 16) It is very kind of [A] you to supply me with [B] so many [C] informations [D] . (80年考题)注:不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用,借以表示“可数”的概念,我们可以加 a(n) piece [sheet(张), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(条,则), bar(条), basket(篮子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(双,对), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(阵) etc. ],如:a piece of advice(一条建议) /a basket of fruit(一篮水果) /an item of information (一则信息)/a kind of protection(一种保护)等。 2. 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词,这时要用其复数形式17) One of [A] Mark Twain’s most [B] startling(惊人的) and [C] sarcastic(讽刺的) work is [D] “Letters from the Earth”.The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. (“damage”本来为不可数名词“损害”,变复数后意思是“损失赔偿费”。) 单复数含义不同的名词还有:communication(通讯)——communications(通讯系统,通讯工具);cloth(布)——clothes(衣服);content(内容)——contents(目录);convenience(便利)——conveniences(便利设备);humanity(人类)——humanities(人文科学);necessity(需要)——necessities(必需品);pain(疼痛)——pains(辛劳);ruin(毁灭)——ruins(废墟,遗迹);sand(沙子)——sands(沙地,沙滩);wood(木材)——woods(树林);work(工作)——works(工厂,著作)。另外,有些名词通常只用复数形式,如:fundamentals(基本原则),goods(货物), means(方法), rapids(急流),shorts(短裤), sweets(欢乐), valuables (贵重物品)。三、例题解析1) C错。应改为supporters(支持者)。2) C错。改为centuries ago。3) A错。question(问题)是可数名词,应改用复数形式questions。4) A错。改为feature。5) B错。改为women。6) B错。改为feet。7) B错。 改为kinds。8) C错。 改为cubs。9) B错。 photograph是可数名词,其前面的修饰语为“a series of ”(一系列),故应改用复数形式photographs.10) D错。改为forms。11) C错。 改为dancers。12) B错。 改为hair。13) C错。 改为the Highway Department。14) B错。改为time。time是名词修饰另一名词signals(信号),故应用单数。15) B错。改为this knowledge。16) D错。改为items (pieces) of information。17) D错。改为works(著作,作品) is。 第二节 名词所有格 名词有三个格:主格、宾格和所属格。这里我们只讲属格,属格表示所有关系,它有两种不同的形式。一、一是在名词尾加`s (如 my brother`s toy我弟弟的玩具,the hostes`s living room女主人的起居室),如果原名词已经有复数词尾s,或es,只加` (如:soldiers` training ground士兵的训练场,teachers` readingeoom教师阅览室)。注意,如果名词虽然是复数,但不是以s结尾,则仍加`s (the children`s mother孩子的妈妈)1) It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into a teardrop shape.[A] of the drop [B] the drop’s [C] drop of [D] drops their2) The winner [A] photograph was of [B] an old barn(仓库) window covered with [C] a [D] delicate, lacy frost(带花边的霜). 二、另外一种属格是由介词of加名词构成名词短语3) At [A] birth, the [B] head of a bady is extremely large in [C] relation to a [D] rest of the body. 三、例题解析1) B为正确答案。“It”是形式主语。“that…”引导的是主从句。主从句的谓语是“changes…into…”“把……变成……”。其中“…into…”的前后应是对应的平行结构。很明显A和D都不行,不能把“changes”误作名词。C改变了“…into…”的平行关系。只有B既能与前边的动词“changes”衔接,又能保持“…into…”的平行关系。2) A错。 改为winner’s。3) D错。 改为the。 第三节 冠 词 冠词有两种,一是不定冠词a/an,另外一种是定冠词the(有的语法学家说有三种冠词,这另外一种是零念冠词,这里我们不讨论)。一、不定冠词及其用法1. 可数名词在表泛指时,要加不定冠词“a/an”表示“一个”,“每一”相当于one或表示某一1) Hurricanes(飓风) are tropical storms [A] in which winds attain speeds above [B] seventyfive miles the hour [C] and carry heavy rains [D] with them.2) Laser beams can carry [A] longdistance signals in way [B] somewhat [C] similar to [D] radio waves.2. a用在辅音音素(即音标中的辅音而不是辅音字母)之前,如a European scientist。an用在元音音素(音标中的元音而不是指元音字母)之前,如an Xray examination3) The [A] United States Supreme Court raised [B] new questions with an favorable [C] ruling on [D] a tuition tax deduction measure. 4) George Washington, the son of an [A] wealthy planter, became [B] an [C] important American military [D] leader.5) When Keith visited Alaska, he lived [A] in a [B] igloo(爱斯基摩人的圆顶茅屋) in the winter months [C] as well as [D] in the spring. 3. 跟汉语一样,并列的两个单数名词表示一个概念,第二个名词前的不定冠词a可以省去,以避免重复6) “What is she?” “She is . ”[A] a singer and a dancer[B] a singer and dancer[C] the singer and the dancer[D] singer and dancer二、定冠词的用法1. 一般来说,普通名词有特指和泛指,如果特指,就要加定冠词;如果泛指,可数名词前加不定冠词,或用其复数形式7) Eagles(鹰) have such the [A] long, broad wings [B] and tails that they look clumsy(姿势不雅观的) [C] while they are on the [D] ground.2. 定冠词the主要和名词连用,表示某些特定的人或事物8) In the early years of the Republic, George Washington proposed [A] the establish [B] of a [C] university in the nation’s [D] capital. 9) Jane Addams was a dedicated [A] American social worker of early twentieth century [B] who [C] received the [D] Nobel Peace Prize.3. 由of引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加the10) Quantum(量子) physics [A] lies [B] at a [C] heart of the [D] physical sciences. 11) A size [A] of the United States Supreme Court was the [B] focal point of one [C] of the most famous attacks on [D] the federal judiciary.12) The boy ran between clump(树丛) of trees [A] and climbed [B] a tree to get a closer [C] look at [D] the place.4. 表示身体的某一部位,用the代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her等13) He took the old woman by hand. [A] the[B] a[C] her[D] his5. 表示江河海洋,海峡海湾,山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the14) Great Lakes [A] , between the United States and Canada, contain [B] enough water to cover [C] the whole continental United States to a depth [D] of ten feet. 6. 定冠词the加姓氏的复数,表示某某一家人,如果做主语,谓语动词要用复数15) are so excited, for they bought a lot of furniture the other day. [A] Browns[B] The Browns[C] The Brown[D] A Brown7. 当一个抽象名词,不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the16) Since beginning [A] of photography, inventors have tried [B] to make [C] photographs that duplicate natural [D] colors.8. 由 普通名词 和一些 其他词 构成的专有名词前加thethe People`s Republic of China三、例题解析1) C错。改为“an hour”。这里的不定冠词表示“每一”,相当于介词“per”,而“the hour”表特定的时刻,在此处讲不通。2) B错。 改为in a way。3) C错。 改为a favorable。4) A错。 改为a。5) B错。 改为an。6) B为正确答案。7) A错。 改为such。 8) B错。改为“establishment”。冠词后必须使用名词(或形容词+名词),而此题中的“establish(建立)”为动词,故改为名词“estabishment”。9) B错。改为of the early twentieth century。10) C错。 改为the。11) A错。 改为the size。 12) A错。 改为the clump of trees。13) A为正确答案。14) A错。 改为The Great Lakes。15) B为正确答案。16) A错。 改为Since the beginning。 第四节 数 词 一、数词的分类: 数词分为序数词(one, two, three, four…)、基数词(first, second, third, fourth…)和分数词(one third, two thirds, four fifths…)。表示单一的数词与单数名词连用,但有些数词和名词连用,表示复数时仍用单数形式four dozen eggs(四十八个鸡蛋), two score people (四十个人), three hundred years(三百年), a few thousand horses (好几千匹马), eight million pounds (八百万英磅)。注意:被这些数词修饰的名词一定是复数,反过来,如果被修饰的名词是复数,那么就用数词的单数形式,如 a(one) thousand years:1) Both as [A] a hobby and as a profession, photography has fascinated [B] people for more [C] than hundred (X2][D] years.二、关于“千”“百”“百万”的数词: 如果“hundred”、“thousand”和“million”前边没有表示数字和其他限定词修饰时(如“a few”、“one”、“ ten”等),则可用复数形式,表示不定数,后面再加“of+名词”:hundreds of (数以百计的),thousands and thousands of (成千上万的),millions of (数以百万计的)三、关于连字符连接的数词: 在连字符连接的“数词+普通名词+形容词”中,“数词”和“普通名词”都要用单数形式a threeyearold boy, a twomilelong walk2) In the zoo there was . [A] a hundredyearsold elephant[B] hundredyearold elephant[C] a hundredyearsaged elephant[D] a hundredyearold elephant3) In 1931, Duke Ellington broke [A] the traditional threeminutes [B] time limit set for [C] commercial [D] records.4) This estimate [A] of spending will hardly [B] keep pace with even the most optimistic [C] projections of inflation for the fouryears [D] period. 四、基数词中表示“几十”的复数形式可以表达人的岁数或年代He is in his late twenties. 他快30了。 The old bag lady died in her early fities beside a church in New York. 那要饭的老太太50来岁就死在了纽约的一个教堂附近。五、分数词:分数词是由基数词和序数词组成的,分子是基数词,分母是序数词。除了表示“1”以外,分母序数词都用复数5) of the students have successfully passed the final exam. [A] Two thirds[B] Twos third[C] Two third[D] Twos thirds六、百分数: 表示百分比的percent用单数,如ninty percent(90%)6) It has been estimated [A] that almost sixty percents [B] of the land [C] at the Badlands National Monument is devoid of(缺乏,没有) [D] vegetation.七、例题解析1) D错。 改为than a hundred。2) D为正确答案。数词hundred和名词year都要求用单数形式。3) B错。改为“threeminute”(三分钟的)。4) D错。 改为fouryear。5) A为正确答案。6) B错。 改为percent。。